Cleavage

Figure 223

Day 2 4-cell embryo with <10% fragmentation and evenly sized blastomeres. It was generated by ICSI but not transferred.

Figure 224

Day 2 4-cell embryo with <10% scattered fragmentation and evenly sized blastomeres. It was generated by IVF but not transferred.

Figure 225

Day 2 4-cell embryo with <10% fragmentation and evenly sized blastomeres. Fragments are concentrated in one area of the perivitelline space (PVS). It was generated by ICSI and transferred but the outcome is unknown.

Figure 226

A 4-cell embryo with 10–15% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and a single nucleus per blastomere. It was generated by ICSI, transferred and implanted.

Figure 227

A 4-cell embryo with 10–15% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and a single nucleus in some blastomeres. It was generated by IVF and cryopreserved.

Figure 228

A 4-cell embryo with 10–20% concentrated fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and no visible nuclei. It was generated by IVF, was transferred but failed to implant.

Figure 229

A 4-cell embryo with 15–20% concentrated fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and no visible nuclei. It was generated by ICSI, transferred and implanted.

Figure 230

A 4-cell embryo with 15–20% fragmentation, one of which is a large fragment and the others small and scattered. The blastomeres are evenly sized with no visible nuclei. It was generated by ICSI and cryopreserved.

Figure 231

A 4-cell embryo with 15–20% scattered fragmentation, unevenly sized blastomeres and no visible nuclei. It was generated by IVF and cryopreserved.

Figure 232

An 8-cell embryo with around 15–20% scattered fragmentation, evenly sized blastomeres and visible nuclei in some blastomeres. It was generated by IVF but was not transferred.

Figure 234

An 8-cell embryo with 25% scattered fragmentation and evenly sized blastomeres. It was generated by ICSI and transferred but failed to implant.

Figure 235

A 2-cell embryo with 20–25% fragmentation on Day 2 (slow development). The blastomeres are evenly sized but binucleated. It was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figure 236

A 7-cell embryo with 30% fragmentation. Fragments are scattered in the PVS. It was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figure 237

A 6-cell embryo with 30–40% fragmentation and unevenly sized blastomeres. Fragments are predominantly concentrated in one area. It was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figure 238

A 6-cell embryo with 30–40% concentrated fragmentation and a thick ZP. It was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figure 239

A 4-cell embryo with around 40% fragmentation which is scattered throughout the embryo. The blastomeres are unevenly sized. It was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figure 240

A 3-cell embryo with around 40% scattered fragmentation and unevenly sized blastomeres. It was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figures 241 (a)

Three views of an embryo with >50% fragmentation. In one focal plane (a) three to four cells can be seen.

Figure 241 (b)

In the other two focal planes only one to two cells can be seen (b and c). The embryo was generated by ICSI but was not transferred.

Figure 241 (c)

Figure 242

A Day 3 embryo with >50% fragmentation. It was generated by IVF but was not transferred.

Figure 233

Three views of the same embryo at different focal planes. It is a 4-cell embryo with 20–25% fragmentation which roughly corresponds to the size of one cell. Note the importance of assessing the embryo at different focal planes in order to establish the degree and type of fragmentation (scattered in this case). The blastomeres are evenly sized and have visible nuclei. It was generated by ICSI and cryopreserved.